Anatomical classification of middle rectal arteries regarding detailed vasculature patterns / 대한해부학회지

This study aimed to clarify the anatomy of middle rectal artery and pelvic vasculature patterns, and to provide schematic information in a manner applicable to the total mesorectal excision. Forty sides of pelvis from 20 formalinembalmed cadavers (10 male, 10 female) were dissected, and all the pelvic vasculatures from the internal iliac artery were investigated, focusing on the middle rectal artery. Middle rectal arteries were classified into major types depending on their vascular origins. Each type was subdivided into minor types according to variability of the pelvic vasculature. A middle rectal artery was identified in 18 out of 20 cadavers, and in 25 out of 40 pelvic sides. In most cases, the middle rectal artery originated from the internal pudendal artery or inferior gluteal artery. These two arteries arose directly from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery or were bifurcated from the gluteal-pudendal trunk. In rare cases, these arteries arose from the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. The other origins of the middle rectal artery included the gluteal pudendal trunk, inferior vesical artery, internal iliac artery, obturator artery, and the prostatic artery, and the pelvic vasculatures in these cases also presented variability. The detailed anatomical findings related to the middle rectal artery and pelvic vasculatures are noteworthy for their improved clinical applicability.

The Significance and Limits of Lee Quede's Anatomical Drawings / 체질인류학회지

In 1951, in the midst of the Korean War, artist Lee Quede produced anatomical drawings to teach artistic anatomy to his student Lee Ju-yeong while interned in the Geoje prison camp. Comprising 2 books and spanning over 48 pages, 74 drawings were produced alongside explanations in a textbook format. The table of contents was ordered starting from body proportions, then the skeleton, the muscles, and the head. By part, there were 4 drawings of the trunk, 51 of the head, 7 of the arms, 9 of the legs, and 3 of the full body. Though the drawings of the head and face are both high in number and in detail, there were many errors in his depictions of the bones, and the boundaries between the structures of his muscle drawings were drawn so unclearly as to be indistinguishable. The essential forms, proportions and movement are included, but his disproportionate dedication to the head and the incoherent way that the book is arranged with no relevance to its table of contents leave something to be desired. It is regrettable that Lee Quede's return to North Korea meant that his drawings were not widely used, but despite this, I believe that these are invaluable documents in assessing the influence of Japanese artistic anatomy at the time, as well as the introductory circumstances of Korean artistic anatomy.

Fabrication of Korean Skull Model / 체질인류학회지

Anatomy education using skull models has been widely performed for a long time and known that it is actually much convenient and economical. However, until now, most of skull models used in anatomy class are imported from the United State or Europe. Therefore, the models showed characteristics of Caucasian skulls, and had several differences from skulls of Koreans. Hence, we made a specific replica model of skull which have various Korean characteristics. We used Korean male skull (aged 50 years) without defect due to diseases or fractures. The silicon was poured over the skull in the cubic frame and hardened. We took out the skull from the silicon frame and poured the resin into the frame to duplicate the original skull. After defoamation and hardening the resin, the skull model was taken out of frame. And we modified defects which occurred during duplicated process and made detailed structures which unrevealed in real skull. After completion of the skull model, we measured ten items of anthropological characteristics of the Korean and American skull models and compared 9 categories of index. As a result, there were significant differences in length-breadth index, length-height index, frontozygomatic index, nasal index between the Korean and American skull models; As aforementioned, the skull model, compared to Caucasian skull models, had numerous distinctive Korean skull features and this model can be used for anatomy education in South Korea.

Topography and Morphology of the Medial Pterygoid Muscle for the Surgical Approach of the Mandibular Ramus / 체질인류학회지

It has been known that the medial pterygoid muscle influences the mandibular functions related to mandibular movements. In addition, the muscle bundle of the medial pterygoid muscle influences the stability of a complete denture. Therefore, the topography of this muscle is clinically important. However, researches on the clinical anatomy related to the insertion area, and innervation, of this muscle were rare. Therefore, authors investigated the morphological and topographic characteristics of the medial pterygoid muscle by dissection of 31 Korean cadavers. The following are the results:The middle portion of the medial pterygoid muscle was the longest with the length of 59.4 degrees +/-7.1mm, and upper one third of the total length of the muscle was composed of tendon. When comparing the morphology of the insertion area of the medial pterygoid muscle and the masseter muscle in the mandibular angle region, there was no difference of the length of the insertion from the gonion to the superior margin of the insertion on the ramus. However, the length from gonion to the anterior margin of the insertion on the ramus in the masseter case was twice as long as the medial pterygoid muscle case. Insertion of the medial pterygoid was morphologically classified into six groups based on the insertion pattern and the mylohyoid groove. Type V, which the muscle fibers in the insertion of the medial pterygoid muscle were divided and did not invade the mylohyoid groove, were found the most (26.6%). Most of pterygoid branch of trigeminal nerve entered the medial pterygoid muscle through the posterior one third area or the posterior marginal area. The average length between hamulus and the region where the pterygoid branch of mandibular nerve entered the medial pterygoid muscle was 10.1mm. In conclusion, the anatomical relationship between the medial pterygoid muscle and the surrounding structures will be able to provide useful data for clinical applications.

Anterolateral thigh flap for head and neck reconstruction : anatomic study

Location of the Modiolous and the Morphologic Variations of the Risorius and Zygomaticus Major Muscle Related to the Facial Expression in Koreans / 체질인류학회지

Location of the modiolous and morphological variations of the risorius and zygomaticus major muscles are related to the facial expression. The zygomaticus major, levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, risorius, orbicularis oris, buccinator and levator anguli oris muscles insert on the lateral border of the lip, forming the modiolus and mutually associating each other for functioning. The knowledge of the location of the modiolus and surrounding structures are essential to anatomy, prosthodontics, linguistic, physiology and computer simulation based on facial expressions. The authors examined the location of the modiolus, the morphological variations and anatomical relationship of risorius and zygomaticus major muscle to understand the features of the smile of Korean by dissecting 39 cadavers. The location of the modiolus can be showed as three types, according to their height related to the intercheilion horizontal line. Type A that modiolus locate at the intercheilion line was shown in 20 sides (26.0%), type B that modiolus locate above the intercheilion line was shown in 12 sides (15.6%), then type C that modiolus locate under the intercheilion line was shown in 45 sides (58.4%). Most modioli located at 10 ~20 mm lateral to the mouth corner and 0 ~10 mm below the intercheilion line. The risorius muscle was classified into five types by directions of muscle fibers. The depressor anguli oris -risorius type (type I) was observed in 31 sides (40.2%), the platisma -risorius type (type II) was observed in 30 sides (39.0%). Previously, it has been known that zygomaticus major muscle attaches to the modiolus mainly as one bundle. However, the results were clearly shown that two bundles of the zygomaticus major muscle attaches to the modiolus and the position of the mouth edge in 18 sides (23.4%). To sum it up, facial expression is of fundamental importance concerning the morphological variations and these results also can be considered for the facial reconstruction surgery and computer animation department.

Topography of the Branching Patterns of the Facial Nerve in Korean / 체질인류학회지

This study demonstrates the anatomical relationships and variability of the facial nerve trunk and branches with emphasis on intraparotid connections between divisions. Microsurgical dissections were performed on 30 Korean halfheads. The facial nerve trunk was exposed, depth from the skin surface to the stylomastoid foramen (21.0+/-3.1 mm) and distance between the stylomastoid foramen and the bifurcation point of temporofacial (upper) and cervicofacial (lower) divisions (13.0+/-2.8 mm) were measured. In 26 out of 30 dissections, the facial nerve terminated in a bifurcation into two main divisions, and in four cases, the nerve ended in a trifurcation pattern. According to the origin of the buccal division, branching patterns of the facial nerve were classified into 6 categories. A buccal division was originated from the upper and lower divisions (type I, 13.8%), from the two main and zygomatic divisions (type II, 44.8%), from the two main and marginal mandibular divisions (type III, 17.3%), from the two main, zygomatic and mandibular divisions (type IV, 17.3%), from the lower, zygomatic and mandibular divisions (type V, 3.7%), and from the upper, zygomatic and mandibular divisions (type VI, 3.7%). These details of facial nerve anatomy suggest surgical procedures such as tumor resection, facial nerve reconstruction, and facelift.

An Anatomic Variation of the Trapezius Muscle in a Korean: The Cleido-occipitalis Cervicalis

A variation of the trapezius muscle was observed in a Korean female adult cadaver during routine student dissection. The lateral, upper three-fourths of the descending portion of the trapezius muscle were separated from the remainder of the muscle. This single, isolated bundle fused above the insertion of the midpoint of the clavicle, and attached to the clavicle as a separate tendon. The remaining descending portion inserted into the clavicle and scapula as usual. This abnormal muscle bundle is considered as a variant of the cleido-occipitalis cervicalis, and formation of this variation is discussed based on the embryological development of the relative muscular structures.